Just War Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Just War Theory - Essay Example Orend observes that a state may also indulge in war for defending its territories to achieve internal and inter-boarder peace. Orend believes that for war to be justified, it must engage use of weapons and be well organized and arranged in advance before strike. Orend defines a just war as an intentional, actual organized and armed attack between aggressors. Just war theory is based on two points of view; classic and contemporary just wars. Schall reports that theorists like the Father Webster and Mr. Cole insist that for a war to qualify as just, it must base on classic concept and should not involve evil actions like fighting the perceived innocent and noncombatant individuals. Father Webster and Mr. Cole believe that a justified war should transpire through certain criteria. The contemporary concept of just war permits armed attack under the claims of self-defense by a country. The contemporary concept of just war recognizes permission granted for coercion to be based on the defen se of the individual state and the collective world. Contemporary concept of just war also proposes international support to the state subjected to attacks by the aggressor. The contemporary concept of just war argues that international community can merge to execute collective defense to a member state facing attack from internal militia who get support from foreign aggressor. The contemporary concept of just war advocates for use of military force in intervening cases that involve serious abuse of human rights (Johnson 33). This argument was passed to be a moral cause of just war waged against the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The contemporary concept of just war further argues that the just war should not be fought in a manner that exempts the attack and harm of the noncombatants. From this argument, the proponents of contemporary concept stood to rebuke the air bombing dropped during the war against Iraq, which harmed many noncombatants (Johnson 34). Contemporary concep t of just war allows the military troops to breach the laws of right conduct in war when overwhelmed by the opponent superior forces (Johnson 35). The Iraqi militia forces when resisting the new Iraqi government employed this principle of just war. The contemporary concept also justifies a war conducted against a state perceived to bear threats to the aggressor and the entire UN. This perception led to the collective synergy of the UN and Bush Administration in conducting disarmament attack against Saddam Hussein. The contemporary concept further argues that any killing conducted during war is wrong and can only be exceptional under sufficient justification. The classic concept argues that provoking just war is permissible to a political community that enjoys peace in its surroundings but faces danger of attack from the aggressors. A responsible political authority is permitted to use armed force as tool perceived to the only mean offering protection to citizens and ensuring peace i n a war threatened state. The classic concept of just war injustice and the threats linked to injustice are the basic moral problems that need to be addressed. The use of force in accomplishing just war is considered harmless under the classic point of view. The classic concept of just war argues that the measure of morality of force depends on the one using it and the reason behind the use of the force (Johnson 36). Classic concept justifies war when based on just cause and the right intention for provoking the war

Base Erosion and profit Shifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Base Erosion and profit Shifting - Essay Example With the view of the OECD, the BEPS is not the main problem created by the companies in the respective countries instead, it is the rules in the taxation that is the problem. The OECD openly blames the countries for having the wrong rules for the business making the business to have difficulties. The OECD is majorly against the harmful taxation in the competition in the field of business. The BEPS has got a number of results in the business mostly in the combination of its strategies both at home and at the host countries hence this will make the domestic tax to be levied. This will also affect the domestic tax systems whereby the income will be taxed by more than one jurisdiction in the domestic level hence creating double taxation. As stated early, gaps will also be introduced by the BEPS making the income not to be taxed. In the process, there will be winners and losers whereby the developing countries will also face challenges in regard to the BEPS because of their poor national legal and business platforms concerning taxation. They will need supporting groups like the Global Fora on the treaties of tax to help them in developing the countries. With the BEPS action plan, there will be an improvement of the tax standards internationally in the principles of Coherence, Transparency, and Substance. We as citizens will benefit from the digital economy which will be improved by the BEPS. This will also lead to innovation in the developing countries making them to drastically improve with the help of the action plan.

Library and Its Uses Essay Example for Free

Library and Its Uses Essay The root-meaning of the word library is a room or building containing a collection of books for reading. But as there are now circulating or travelling libraries in many countries, the world has undergone a change in its meaning. By the word now indicated a collection of books for reading or reference; Different kinds of libraries: There are kinds of libraries personal, public and institutional. Personal library A personal library is one which belongs to a private person, generally of sufficient means. Such libraries grow out of such person’s taste for knowledge and, sometimes, for fashion. There are, of course, small scale private libraries owned by solvent lawyers, educationists and persons of literary taste. But such libraries contain books on some particular subject or subjects chosen according to the taste and interest of their owners. Public library A public library is one which is open to the public. In order to cater to the taste and interest of all classes of people, a public library has to contain books on different subjects and varieties. Such libraries may be seen in large numbers in every country. Most of these libraries are managed or subsidized by their states. The British Museum library of London and the Central library of Moscow are instances of public libraries. Again, many such libraries have been set up in England and America by philanthropic people like Mr. Carnegie, the American millionaire. Institutional library An institutional library is one which belongs to an institution such as a university, a college, a school, a chamber of commerce, a club or a governmental department. Such a library is open to the members of the institution concerned and, therefore, generally contains hooks which are needed by them most. Importance of library As acquisition of knowledge depends mostly on reading, man has to read as necessarily as he has to eat. It adds to what he has already learnt and makes him strong and fit for rude battle of life. But for financial difficulties most of the persons who are keen on reading cannot purchase the books they need to read. Hence arises the importance of libraries. Had there been no libraries, both public and institutional, such persons would have been deprived of their reading. The teachers and the students, in like manner, would be badly affected if their institutions had no libraries of their own. Conclusion Libraries attract people to read and thus create the habit of reading and- stimulate the thirst for more and more knowledge. But for the libraries, there would be no authors, no poets, and no thinkers. The libraries thus help in the advancement of learning and expansion of knowledge. The library has another very important use. No research work is possible without a well equipped library containing valuable books of all ages, rare manuscripts and old records. A library of this type is thus of incalculable help in throwing light on unearthed subjects. Time passes in an unbroken continuity as does the water of the river. The books of the libraries are a record of this continuity. They thus enable us to know how human society has developed in thought and action step by step.

Punic Wars Essay -- essays research papers

Discuss the Roman Punic Wars, in terms of their circumstances and overall effect on Rome’s economic and social development Also discuss the ensuing â€Å"Gracchan turbulence† from the same perspective. The circumstance for the Roman Punic Wars towards Rome was a simple human reaction. If an outsider such as Italy, Carthage, or Greece make threats towards Rome, Rome will simply fight. The Punic Wars lasted in 3 stages, all resulting to the obsessive pride and higher standings of Rome. Rome’s initial desire of expansion was only for farming land. Romans believed like anyone else that victory brought them honor as well as a strong, political career. Rome strongly had their victory of Italy due to their military discipline. Cowards were not welcome in the Roman Army. If a Roman fled from his standings, or left his comrades to die, they would receive severe punishment from the generals worse than the enemy could give them. The confidence of Roman soldiers grew because they knew their comrades would assure their well being if anything is to happen. The opponents were usually barbaric and disorganized. Most often, the opponents would flee leaving their comrades to die. The discipline of the Roman army was formed throughout the Punic wars. Poet Virgil Maxim best referred Romans by the quote â€Å"Yield you not to ill fortune, but go against it with more daring.† Rome’s Military form helped their enemies become allies and eventually citizens dedicated to Rome. The ...

What Difference Did the Renaissance Make to Medicine

What difference did the Renaissance make to medicine? The discoveries of the Renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine for many reasons. The main reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy and physiology, not about cures and treatments, and that even though people had proven Galen to be wrong about several things, they still wouldn’t let the four humours theory go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldn’t save him which just shows that medicine didn’t advance very much from the renaissance.The main reason that the renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine was that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy, not about treatments and cures. For example, Vesalius dissected bodies and produced a book including pictures of the body drawn by renaissance artists. By doing these dissections and producing his book, he realised that Galen was wrong about several things. He proved that we only have one jaw bone, not two as Galen said, he corrected the scale of our skeleton and he proved that there were no holes in the centre of the heart and therefore Galen’s theory about the heart was wrong.Although Vesalius did all this, he had still only improved the anatomical knowledge; he hadn’t discovered any cures/treatments or anything about our physiology, just that Galen was wrong with his ideas about the heart. William Harvey also did a bit of dissection to prove his theory. He focused on the distribution of blood around the body. He discovered that blood flows only one way around the body, and that blood is reused and not constantly produced by the liver as Galen had suggested.He used many complex diagrams which, when combined with the invention of the printing press, became quickly distributed throughout the world in the form of a book entitled ‘An anatomical account of the motion of the h eart and blood in animals'. Although this was an important discovery, it is still just about anatomy and physiology. Harvey didn’t come up with any new treatments or cures during the Renaissance. As well as this, because they didn’t have very good technology at the time, Harvey had no way of proving that we have capillaries and so some people still didn’t believe what he said.Even though both Vesalius and Harvey had proven Galen to be wrong several times, the people still believed in the four humours theory which was really the underlying problem and the reason that renaissance didn’t make a significant difference, and why medicine didn’t develop during the renaissance. It’s easy to see that medicine hadn’t advanced very much and that the renaissance hadn’t made a significant difference when you look at how they handle the plague and King Charles II’s illness.When the plague returned in 1665, they still had no idea that it was carried by fleas. They also still had no real treatments that worked against the plague. All they knew was that it was contagious. Although this was an improvement on their knowledge from the last plague in 1348, it was still not a significant advancement to medicine. Another example that the renaissance hadn’t really made a difference was when King Charles II fell ill. It is thought, from the symptoms of the King, that he had suffered a stroke.The best doctors and physicians in the country tried to save him with treatments of Bezoars stones, blister agents over his head as well as bloodletting, purging and vomiting – based on the four humours theory. The king died within 4days after being treated by these doctors. It’s thought that it probably would have been better if they had simply left the King alone because it seems that he suffered a stroke. This shows just how bad medicine still was and just how little difference the renaissance had made to medici ne as the best doctors in the country couldn’t save their King.In Conclusion, the discoveries of the Renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine for many reasons. The main reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy and physiology, not about cures and treatments, and that even though people had proven Galen to be wrong about several things, they still wouldn’t let the four humours theory go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldn’t save him which just shows that medicine didn’t advance very much from the renaissance.

Movie Review Examples

Examples of Movie Review Roughly speaking, a film review is a short description aimed at providing the potential viewer with the information about its strengths and weaknesses. The style of a review is reader-oriented and can be either formal or informal. The main grammar peculiarity is the preferential use of present tenses. As for the structural peculiarities, a review normally contains the following parts: An introduction, which gives all the background information, such as the type of the film, cast and the director, main characters and the setting. A main body, which deals with the key plot elements as well as the comments on the acting, directing and character development. A conclusion, which is mainly the opinion of the author about whether the film is worth watching. Consider the following examples of movie reviews in order to get familiarized with the style peculiarities: 1. Formal review introduction Released in 1999, American Beauty shocked the audience, questioning the very basis of the American family life ideal. A powerful and provoking tragical comedy, created by Sam Mendes and a wonderful cast of Kevin Spacey (Lester Burnham), Annette Benning (Caroline Burnham), Mena Suvari (Angela Hayes) and Thora Birch (Jane Burham), exploits the usual topic of the midlife crisis, but uncovers a deep hidden conflict of the personality feeling oppressed within the limits of the â€Å"normal† life and the society, which uses a wide range of tools to make you behave in the correct way. 2. Informal review introduction Tired of sobby melodramas and stupid comedies? Why not watch a film with a difference? American Beauty by Sam Mendes is both a drama and a comedy, which definitely absorbed the best features of the genres, creating a powerful and mind-boggling cocktail of love, hatred, sinful passion, rebellion, loneliness, fear and total liberation.

The Stonewall Riot of 1969 - 830 Words

While it was barely a kernel of activism against the immense backdrop of advocacy during the 1960’s and 70’s, the gay liberation movement was one of the most important challenges to the hierarchal structures of accepted moral and scientific thought. Functioning as a minor footnote within the context of a substantial political arena comprised of the issues of war, race and a raging women’s liberation movement, gay liberation in the late twentieth century still sought to impress upon the marginalizing and sectarian constructions that subjugated gays to an imposed peripheral existence of personal and public abhorrence. The Stonewall Riot of 1969 signaled the start of a substantial social movement, the dissemination of which would permeate the gay community and call into action an assault on the mechanisms of social order, public legislation and cultural dispositions that sustained a framework of persecution against homosexual men and women. The efforts of gay libe ration activists during the sexual revolution of the late twentieth century made possible the near expulsion of constraints on sexual expression and gave way to a new rhetoric of pride and affirmation. For some gay men and women, just being a homosexual in the late 20th century meant being a part of the movement- no political agenda necessary. Sexual politics, after all, have a visceral quality that isn’t easy to ignore, which D’Emilio and Freedman attest to when they recognize that â€Å"gayness itself symbolized anShow MoreRelatedThe Stonewall Riots Of 19692040 Words   |  9 PagesYork City Stonewall Riots of 1969, concerning their influence on the rise of the modern gay rights movement, specifically regarding political emergence, social unity, and demographic shifts. The investigation will attempt to answer the following question: To what extent were the Stonewall Riots of 1969 a catalyst for the LGBT social movement in America? Two sources, â€Å"Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth† by Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage, and Stonewall: the Riots That SparkedRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots Of 19692157 Words   |  9 PagesFrancisco in the 1950’s to the political and social groups that came to be following the Stonewall Riots of 1969, they would speak out and not allow themselves to be kept down anymore. The aim of this paper is to establish the events and opinions that led up to the uprising at the Stonewall Inn such as perceived and real discrimination by police, medical professionals, and society itself, what actually happened at Stonewall, and how they sparked the modern LGBT movement in the United States over the nextRead MoreThe Controversy Of The 1969 Stonewall Riots919 Words   |  4 Pages The topic that the proposed book focuses on considers the contentious impact of the 1969 Stonewall Riots upon the struggle for LGBT+ rights. This potential monograph, entit led â€Å"Riots for Rights: the Debatable Influence of Stonewall,† pursues to furthermore enhance the argument concerning whether the 1969 Stonewall Riots began the public LGBT+ movement for further rights, or if the converse occurred, wherein this momentous protest instead the culminated the LGBT+ efforts of the previous years, merelyRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots of 1969 Jumpstarted the Gay Movement Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesnever have been conceptualized in the United States. This unforgettable incident, the Stonewall riots of 1969, altered the public’s view of the gay community and arguably jumpstarted the next revolution in an entirely new civil rights movement. In the wee hours of June 28th, 1969, members of the gay community were forced to enter a string of intense protests when the New York City Police began to raid the Stonewall Inn, a popular hangout spot for drag queens and members of the LGBT community, in GreenwichRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots Intro On June 28, 1969, an event occurred that was to be the start of one of1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stonewall Riots Intro On June 28, 1969, an event occurred that was to be the start of one of the most powerful movements in US history. On that Friday in June, the New York police force raided a popular bar in Greenwich Village called the Stonewall Inn because it was suspected of operating without a liquor license. Raids usually went on undisturbed by people involved, but during this raid the area around the inn exploded into fierce protest. The repercussions and multiple disputes that resultedRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots And The Gay Rights Movement1173 Words   |  5 PagesIt was approximately three a.m. on the twenty-eighth of June, 1969 when outside the Stonewall Inn, a monumental riot began. On Christopher Street in New York City, a police raid had just taken place in the gay bar due to the selling of liquor without a license, and arrests were made to anyone without a minimum of three articles of gender appropriate clothing on in accordance to New York law. This was one of several police raids that occurred in a gay bar in such a small amount of time, and the LGBTRead MoreThe Stonewall Act Of Stonewall1193 Words   |  5 PagesStonewall is known as the riot that kickstarted the movement for gay rights in America in 1969. Throughout the 1960’s the gay community was targeted for their homosexual activities because this went against the common beliefs of the people. Most of the population had the Christian belief that being interested in the same sex was against God’s will. This caused discrimination throughout the nation between members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender plus (LGBT+) community and the rest ofRead MoreThe Riot That Occurred During The Early Morning Of June1116 Words   |  5 Pages The riot that occurred during the early morning of June 28, 1969, as well as the riots that occurred as a result, dubbed the Stonewall Riots, are the beginning of the gay rights movement. Until the last quarter of the twentieth century, homosexuality, bisexu ality, transvestism, and transgender sex changes were considered signs of mental illness. Painful electroshock therapy was often enforced upon those who displayed homosexual behavior. They were the objects of public suspicion, job discriminationRead MoreHistorical Impact of The Stonewall Riots in Stonewall Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pageslook into the historical impact of the Stonewall Riots in Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. This engaging book adds to the genre of sexual orientation discrimination. Carter extensively analyzes the various factors that played a role in igniting the Stonewall riots and the historical impact that the riots had on the Gay Revolution and movement for gay equality. Through the use of interviews, newspapers, and maps, Carter argues that the riots were a product of many geographical,Read MoreStonewall Riots Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stonewall riots were a series of violent, spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBT c ommunity against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn. Riots, violence and discrimination are not things that the LGBT community are unfamiliar with. Their history has been painted with opposition and resiliency. As time has progressed, so has the community and their fight for equality. The community is a medley of very different people from a